| Name | Dept | MP | Title | Abstract | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adebowale Samuel Oyerinde | NDHM-Nutrition | Dr. Geetha Thangiah | Volatile Organic Compounds: A New Potential Marker for Obesity | The long-term effect of obesity is mainly associated with an excessive accumulation of body fat, which in turn leads to an increased risk to develop non-communicable diseases. Previous study has shown that obesity-related risk factors are determined by the regional distribution of excess body fat rather than the excess body weight and as a result, it is now widely accepted that abdominal fat is a significant risk factor for obesity-related diseases, visceral fat accumulation promotes pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced. As a result of metabolic processes, the human body emits a diverse range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via breath, saliva, blood, milk, skin secretions, urine, and feces. Several studies have shown that VOCs are byproducts of ROS interactions with underlying cellular components, which result in lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, or DNA damage. However, the mechanistic pathways by which adiposity may induce VOCs are not fully understood. While many studies report diagnostic capability using volatile organic compounds (VOC) in breath and urine, the inter-individual variability even in healthy human cohorts is rather large and not completely understood in its biochemical origin. We establish a novel setup to monitor VOCs as biomarkers release as a result of oxidative stress in obesity using both urine and cell culture model and the VOCs will be analyzed by solid phase microextraction (SPME)-Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC MS). | |||||||
| Boowon Kim | CADS | Dr. Young-A Lee | E-Waste Entangled in a Disruptive Society | The designer became aware of the power of electronic devices that we use every day and was concerned with the mess of entangled wires that are dangerous to people and the planet. E-Waste Entangled in a Disruptive Society upcycled unconventional material wastes to wearable art with sustainability awareness in mind. Using the hand-crocheting technique, every discarded material had entangled one another, forming layers into chaos. The garment simulates the tangled dangers that the fashion industry currently holds, and the seriousness of the world bounded by electronic equipment. Through this upcycling design challenge using human-made detritus, this design well portrays the natural disruption we create every day. The chaotic mess of this design depicts a cluster of wastes the future generation will confront and provides sustainability awareness to the public. This upcycled design reflects the designer’s intent to express digital disruption within the ecological system and a considerable action moving towards our healthy environment. | |||||||
| Hamzeh Hammadeen | NDHM-Hospitality | Dr. Alleah Crawford | Expatriate Cross-Cultural Adjustment: Role of Social Media | One key feature of today's business world is the increased global competition requiring multinational organizations to effectively strengthen their abroad subsidiaries' activities. Cross-cultural adjustment is one of the main challenges expatriates encounter in the foreign society. Social media is a mechanism that helps expatriates stay connected and make new connections. When moving to a new country for an extended amount of time, it is hypothesized that social media can help lessen the culture shock that might be experienced. Therefore, a case study was undergone to highlight the role that social media plays in the journey of expatriates. An expatriate manager in the hospitality industry was interviewed about her experience in social media platforms to help minimize culture shock and ease adjustment to society. | |||||||
| Lauren Jun | NDHM-Nutrition | Dr. Ramesh Jeganathan | Nerve Growth Factor in Skeletal Muscle | A high-fat, high-sugar diet has been leading to not only the obesity epidemic but also higher rates of diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, relative insulin deficiency, and beta-cell dysfunction. Interestingly, adults with type 2 diabetes were shown to have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent studies have linked diabetes with a higher rate of skeletal muscle loss. Skeletal muscle is regulated by a complex balance between protein synthesis and protein breakdown. Generally, increased breakdown and decreased muscle protein synthesis results in muscle atrophy. Several growth hormones are known to promote protein synthesis through initiating a specific cascade. On the other hand, inflammatory factors stimulate several protein breakdown cascades. Nerve growth factor is a member of neurotrophins known to regulate the survival, differentiation, and plasticity of nerve cells. Some studies suggest a positive role of these growth factors in promoting muscle growth and preventing its loss. The effect of nerve growth factors on diabetes- and AD-induced mouse models will be observed in this study. | |||||||
| Megan Robinson | NDHM-Nutrition | Dr. Ramesh Jeganathan | Nerve Growth Factor Administration Restores Microbiota Homeostasis in an Obese, Type II Diabetic, and Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model | Obesity and Type II Diabetes are considered to be at epidemic levels within the state of Alabama and the United States. In Alabama, the rates are higher than the national average. Chronic diseases such as obesity and Type II Diabetes can lead to dysregulation of the body’s organ systems, including the cardiovascular, nervous, and digestive systems. In particular, the chronic diseases of obesity, Type II Diabetes, and Alzheimer's Disease have been linked to dysbiosis in the gut microbiome. In the current study, an investigation will be conducted into taxa diversity changes in the gut microbiome of a mouse model following neuro-regenerative Neuronal Growth Factor (NGF). Furthermore, any metabolic impacts or changes in functional interactions of the microbiome post-treatment with NGF will be analyzed. Finally, an investigation will be conducted into any pathologies within the intestinal tissues and the connection with the gut-brain axis. Insight into the alterations of the gut microbiome following NGF treatment may provide new treatment options for obesity, Type II Diabetes, and Alzheimer’s Disease. | |||||||
| Shahbaj Kabir | CADS | Dr. Young-A Lee | Exploring Viability of 3D Printed Auxetic Patterns for Wearables | The purpose of this study is to explore viability of 3D printed auxetic patterns for wearables. Auxetic materials are novel and non-conventional materials that possess the unique characteristic of expanding when being stretched or shrinking when being compressed by the virtue of negative Poisson’s ratio. Compared to traditional materials, auxetic materials also exhibit unique enhanced mechanical properties. Due to the excellent stretchability and elongation properties, auxetic patterns offer great potential to be used in the textiles field. With the advancement of additive manufacturing technology, 3D printed auxetic structures are being explored in various fields. Thus, in this study, various auxetic patterns are 3D printed by one type of FDM 3D printers using TPU filament. The prospect of using those 3D printed patterns as wearables is being investigated by scientific means. | |||||||
| Sijun Liu | NDHM-Hospitality | Dr. Imran Rahman | Exploring Online Information Cues on Choosing Airbnb Gastronomy Experiences: A Choice-based Conjoint Analysis Approach | The study aims to investigate information cues displayed through Airbnb experience Search Engine Result Page (SERP) and how it influences potential tourists' decision-making. In order to expand and explain tourists' information processing and identify the mechanism of displayed information cues on Airbnb at discrete levels, an experimental design was adopted. As such, to be able to assess the effects in a valid way, this study simulates Airbnb SERP and segmented information cues based on web collected data using the principle of math quartile for price, ratings, reviews, and time spent, and thematic categories for promotional photos, and binary host credibility cues, with Super Host badge or without, to test tourists' selection. All the thematic categories are decided from the text mining results. In addition, based on the selection of the results, tourists share similar selection characteristics to form a category, the market segmentations are formed based on the shared characteristics in selection. The incorporation of host credibility has never been explored in the context of P2P marketplace through an experimental design, and incorporation with promotional photos successfully bridges the gap of experimental study. Methodologically, the text mining approach was taken in information cues segmentation, which serves as a solid foundation for conjoint analysis survey design. The survey-based conjoint analysis further identified important information cues to each level and provided insights into each market segment. The findings provide substantial practical implications for marketers, web information displays, and tourists' online information filtering, processing, and selection. | |||||||
| Ummey Hani Barsha | CADS | N/A | Exploring Sustainability Practices in the Current Bangladesh Garment Industry | Bangladesh is currently a major global sourcing hotspot. Since sustainability is the must-do trend in the global apparel industry and Bangladesh is a major player in garment manufacturing, it is important to examine the current sustainability practices that are emerging in the current Bangladesh garment industry. Thus, this study specifically aims to explore the type of sustainability practices that are most valued to buyers who import apparel products from Bangladesh. Using the triple bottom line theory and sustainable product development process matrix, this exploratory study identifies current sustainability practices occurring in the Bangladesh garment industry. Keywords or key phrases, obtained from the publicly available secondary sources (e.g., garment factory’s annual report), are content analyzed for this study. Emerging themes through the analysis will be discussed at the presentation. | |||||||
| Xiao Huang | CADS | Dr. Wi-Suk Kwon | Chinese Consumers’ Perceptions of Risks and Benefits of Cross-border e-Commerce Consumption: An Exploratory Study | Cross-border e-commerce (CBEC) refers to online transactions that occur via e-commerce platforms between buyers and sellers located in different countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the types of risks and benefits that Chinese consumers associate with CBEC consumption. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of 20 Chinese consumers, including purchasers and non-purchasers. Results showed that both purchasers and non-purchasers discussed benefits (i.e., product selections, shopping convenience, and shopping enjoyment) and risks (i.e., product risk, convenience/time risk, delivery risk, financial risk, customs risk, and after-sale service risk) associated with CBEC consumption, and risks were the primary reason that the non-purchasers did not purchase from CBEC retailers. Although some of the perceived benefit and perceived risk themes were similar to those found in traditional e-commerce research, the findings of this study reveal unique benefit and risk themes that facilitate and impede consumers’ CBEC consumption, which have not been found in the traditional e-commerce literature. | |||||||
| Yejia Guo | NDHM-Hospitality | Dr. Baker Ayoun | The Bright Side of Customer-Employee Interactions to Hospitality Employees: The role of Social Curiosity and Affiliation Needs on Motivating and Retaining Employees | Methods to motivate and retain employees continue to receive attention from hospitality researchers and practitioners. Building on McClelland's theory of needs, the present study aims to explore employees' view of customer-employee interaction and how interpersonal contact in the hospitality industry retains employees and motivates them to perform well. Two mediating variables, namely the need for affiliation and social curiosity, will be used to explain the relationship between customer interactions and employee performance as well as turnover intention. As part of the need for affiliation, positive stimulation was described as positive emotions stimulated by meeting other individuals. Social curiosity is the desire to meet new people and understand their thoughts and behaviors. Although these two needs can be fulfilled in hospitality positions, the ability of an organization to meet employees' needs can vary. The proposed study will utilize a mixed-method sequential explanatory design, including social media analysis and mediating analysis. Research findings will contribute to human resource management in the hospitality industry. Hospitality managers can promote their open positions to prospective employees by talking about their outstanding customer relationships. | |||||||
| Yu Li | CADS | Dr. Young-A Lee | Modularity in 3D Printed Backpack | With the advancement of 3D printing, fashion brands started to adopt 3D printing in their product design and development; however, its potential for designing wearables is still limited. Modularity in design is also an emerging trend in product design. As of now, modularity in fashion accessories design for its customization with multi-functionality has not been fully explored. We challenged to propose an innovative transformable backpack, integrating a modular design approach with various design technologies such as body scanning, CAD modeling, and 3D printing. This 3D printed backpack not only fulfills users’ ergonomic/functional needs but also allows them to create their personalized design to satisfy their expressive and aesthetic needs. The detachable 3D printed panels can be used in transforming to various bag styles, maximizing its customizability and lifespan. This design experiment showcases a true potential of the FDM 3D printer using PLA filaments for the novel customized fashion accessories design. | |||||||
|
10-Min Individual Talks
| |||||||||||
| Atefeh Charmchian Langroudi | NDHM-Hospitality | Dr. Imran Rahman | Attitudes toward Virtual Hotel Booking: Contributing factors and Implications | The purpose of this study is to see how compatibility, communicability and perceived Risk affect attitudes toward virtual hotel booking. Furthermore, the impact of customers' attitudes regarding virtual hotel booking on their intentions to use independent hotel websites, chain hotel websites, and third-party hotel websites is investigated in this study. Data was acquired from 417 people using Amazon M-Turk. The data was evaluated using structural equation modeling based on partial least squares. According to the findings, compatibility, communicability and perceived risk, all have a substantial favorable impact on attitudes about virtual hotel booking. Furthermore, customers' intentions to use independent hotel websites, chain hotel websites, and third-party hotel websites are significantly influenced by their attitude toward virtual hotel booking. | |||||||
| Chunhao Wei | NDHM-Hospitality | Dr. Alecia Douglas | The Dark Side of Subjective Knowledge: An Investigation on the Inhibitor of Choosing Contactless Hospitality Technologies | Compared to traditional service methods, the benefits of applying contactless technology in the hospitality industry are not limited to labor, safety, and productivity. For example, contactless technologies have been identified as the most efficient preventative measure used by retail businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, although the United States has achieved worldwide preeminence in technological innovation and production, reports have indicated that Americans' usage of contactless technology lags behind many countries. Therefore, this study aims to understand the factors that discourage American customers from using contactless hospitality technology. The study utilized path analysis, and the result indicated that customers' subjective knowledge of contactless hospitality technology moderated the effects of contactless hospitality technology inhibitors (i.e., insecurity and discomfort) on contactless hospitality technology usage. Specifically, the relationship between the inhibitor and usage was fully mediated by the ease of use when the customer's subjective knowledge was low, whereas the ease of use did not mediate the relationship when the customer's subjective knowledge was high. The result complements the literature on the function of customers' subjective knowledge in the decision-making process and provides plenty of implications to practitioners. | |||||||
| Ebenezer Harrison | CADS | Dr. Wi-Suk Kwon | Do You Trust My Recommendations? Impact of Recommendation Agents' Filtering Method and Presentation Style on Consumers' Trust and Decision-making. | Recommendation agents (RAs) are artificial intelligence algorithms which capture consumers' preferences and interests to give them personalized recommendations during online shopping. RAs may form their recommendations by employing two types of filtering methods-- (a) content filtering (recommendations based on product similarity) or (b) collaborative filtering (recommendations based on other customers' purchases)-- and present them to consumers in two styles-- (a) vertical listings or (b) side-by-side comparative charts). This research employed a 2 x 2 between-subjects online experiment (n = 306) to test whether the RA filtering methods and presentation styles elicit different levels of consumer trust in the recommendations, reduce consumers' perceived decision effort (PDE), and increase perceived decision quality (PDQ). Structural equation modeling results (CFI = .946, RMSEA = .052) revealed that consumers trusted content filtering RAs and comparative presentation style more than collaborative filtering and listing style, respectively (both ps < .05). Both the filtering method and presentation style of RAs had significant indirect effects on PDE and PDQ through consumer trust. These findings illuminate on the importance of RA filtering methods and presentation styles on consumer decision-making efficiency. | |||||||
| Ebony Robinson | CADS | Dr. Veena Chattaraman | The Effects of Woke-washing on Consumers’ Brand Intentions: An Application of Implicit Theories | Following the death of George Floyd and the ascent of the Black Lives Matter movement, many brands denounced racism in public statements of solidarity with the Black community. Since then, public scrutiny of a brand’s motives and previous actions related to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) has increased and led to the development of a new phenomenon, referred to as woke-washing, a practice of engaging in DEI-related marketing activities that are not congruent with a company’s previous actions. Given this social context, this study examines the effects of woke-washing in a brand’s communications on consumers’ intentions, both positive (brand following and purchase intentions) and negative [negative word-of-mouth (WOM) and brand boycott intentions], while also examining the moderating role of implicit theory. A total of 120 African American consumers (25–40 years) participated in an online experiment with a 2 (woke-washing: present vs. absent) x 2 (implicit theory: entity vs. incremental) between-subjects design. Results revealed that the presence of woke-washing led to significantly lower brand following and purchase intentions and significantly higher negative WOM and brand boycott intentions. Furthermore, incremental theorists (i.e., those believing that human/brand attributes are malleable) had significantly greater negative WOM intentions and brand boycott intentions compared to entity theorists (i.e., those believing that human/brand attributes cannot really change), suggesting that incremental theorists may be more likely to employ negative brand responses as mechanisms to promote change in brands’ DEI practices. The present study offers theoretical contributions to the CSR literature by examining the role of implicit theories on brand intentions when there are discrepancies between a brand’s current communications and previous actions. The findings also advance brands’ understanding of the potential consequences of engaging in woke-washing practices. | |||||||
| Furkan Arasli | NDHM-Hospitality | Dr. Alecia Douglas | Perceived Customer Incivility and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Moderating Role of Abusive Supervision in Family-Run Hotels | In hospitality industry, investigation on adverse consequences of incivilities and in relation, issues concerning the retainment of employees stands acutely challenging. Calls on dark leadership style practices, consequences of incivilities and understanding hospitality driven multi-dimensional organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) across family-run organizations exist. Customers’ discourteous, insensitive, ill-mannered and morally wrong behaviors are undesirable for organizations. In contrast, OCBs are employees' discretionary and desirable civilities that collectively contribute to their organizations’ betterment (e.g., voluntary involvement with extra-roles). Family-run hotels centralize business activities, ownership and management structures that are paramount to the nature of kinship.
In Family-run hotels, management of incivilities may be challenging to tackle as they may be organizationally binding (e.g., nepotistic interactions) and supervisory display of hostilities may be imminent. Extending on the calls of literature, this study will examine the moderating influences of passive-aggressive and active-aggressive abusive leadership styles on the relationship between family-run hotel employees’ perceived customer incivility and organizational citizenship behaviors. A Likert survey will be designed and data will be collected from the hotel employees of family-run hotels. Hayes' PROCESS will be utilized for hypothesis testing (i.e., correlation and moderation). Authors anticipate that, proposed hypothesis will be supported and findings will implicate practical insights (e.g., developing supervisory training programs). |
|||||||
| Hayley Tillery | NDHM-Hospitality | Dr. Yee Ming Lee | An Assessment of American Hospitality Programs Based on RateMyProfessor: A Big Data Approach | While research on course evaluations and professors’ performance in Western higher education has been gaining increasing scholarly attention, a big data approach that focuses on specific disciplines such as hospitality and tourism, have remained scarce. The current study explores the ratings and reviews of professors from top hospitality programs in the United States as given by the online RateMyProfessor platform. The aim of this study is to use professors’ ratings and rank all the universities based on their performance. Furthermore, sentiment analysis of the text reviews was conducted, aiming to identify recurring positive and negative themes. The findings of this study shed light on the students’ perceptions of hospitality professors in the U.S. through the most popular online platform for student evaluations of teaching. | |||||||
| Ifeoluwa Odeniyi | NDHM-Nutrition | Dr. Michael Greene | Increase in Cell Viability in an Insulin Resistance and Inflammation Model of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes | Obesity has become an epidemic worldwide and is a significant public health concern. In obese people, chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance (IR) and chronic diseases. TNFα/Hypoxia-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes have been used to model inflamed and IR adipose tissue in a diet-induced animal model of obesity. However, TNFα/Hypoxia treatment induces significant cell death in the adipocytes. As a result, a new adipocyte model of IR and inflammation that maintains cell viability is still needed. Here, we modulated the treatment time with TNFα in the presence of hypoxia to reduce cell death while maintaining inflammation and IR in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 cells (pre-adipocytes) were differentiated to adipocytes. To develop insulin sensitive and IR models, adipocytes were either left untreated or treated with 20 ng/ml TNFα (12h or 24h) and incubated in a hypoxic chamber with 1% O2/5% CO2. Viability assays and markers of IR and inflammation were assessed using RT-qPCR to examine the phenotype of the treated adipocytes. Treatment for 12h with TNF-α in the presence of hypoxia resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the percentage of live cells by 1.85-fold compared to 24h treated cells. However, IR and inflammation were maintained in the 12h treated adipocytes; the expression of the insulin sensitive genes adiponectin (0.08 ± 0.1-fold) and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) (0.07 ± 0.1-fold) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while the expression of the inflammatory genes C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2) (228 ± 11-fold) and Interleukin 6 (21 ± 4-fold) were significantly increased (P < 0.05). No significant difference in the expression of the insulin sensitive and inflammatory genes was observed between the 12h and 24h treated adipocytes. Our new adipocyte model can be used to further examine obesity-linked insulin resistance and inflammation. | |||||||
| Laura Bress | NDHM-Nutrition | Dr. Alicia Powers | Healthy Food Hotspots: Determination of Feasibility and Scaling Study | Access to food is limited for those in rural areas, particularly in areas with aging and impoverished populations. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of using technology in expanding local food business enterprises while benefitting populations in rural areas with limited access to supermarkets. Healthy Food Hotspots offers Hurtsboro residents the opportunity to order groceries online with Wright’s Market each week and receive their groceries the next day. The first objective is to measure changes in the costs accrued and revenue generated by online ordering, online SNAP redemption, and grocery delivery prior to and following implementation of Healthy Food Hotspots. The sample includes Wright’s Market, the only retailer currently offering order and delivery in Hurtsboro. Retailer’s point of sale data will be used to measure success of the program. The second objective is to determine differences in food access and barriers to online grocery shopping among seniors living in areas of concentrated poverty with limited access to supermarkets prior to and following implementation of Healthy Food Hotspots. The sample includes seniors participating in programming at the Hurtsboro Senior Center during 2022. A target sample size is 25 seniors. Seniors who agree to participate complete a Qualtrics survey to determine the benefits of the program. Results are forthcoming. If the results indicate business for local food retailers can be expanded through the use of online ordering and seniors living in impoverished, rural areas benefit from on-line ordering, this model could be expanded to additional communities. | |||||||
| MaryBeth Green | NDHM-Nutrition | Dr. Alicia Powers | The Prevalence and Target Indicators of Alabama Two-Year College Students Experiencing Food Insecurity |
More than 39% of students enrolled at two-year institutions nationwide are affected by food insecurity (FI). Students experiencing FI are associated with lower enrollment and retention rates, a decrease in academic performance, and mental illness.
This study aims to determine prevalence of FI among students enrolled at two-year institutions in Alabama. Researchers will utilize de-identified survey responses from students enrolled in fourteen two-year colleges in Alabama during 2022. The survey contains six questions from the USDA U.S. Household Food Security Survey (2012) to measure FI with additional demographic and situational questions associated with basic needs, such as housing security, food access, and knowledge of available resources. Researchers partnered with the Alabama Community College System to recruit participants. A Qualtrics survey will be sent via e-mail to actively enrolled students at each participating two-year college. Data from these surveys will be analyzed to assess the prevalence of FI and identify demographic and situational patterns associated with FI among enrolled students. Preliminary statewide results will be presented. Aggregated data will provide an overview of FI among community college students in Alabama and target indicators of student needs. Analyzed data will be shared with two-year colleges for planning appropriate responses of campus needs. |
|||||||
| Mir Salahuddin | CADS | Dr. Young-A Lee | Microfiber Shedding at Home Laundering: Evaluation of Washing Options for Clothing Made of Synthetic Materials | The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different washing options on microfiber shedding during the home laundering process of synthetic clothing with different washing cycles. An experimental research design, consisting of 4 (washing options) x 3 (polyester clothing types) x 3 (washing cycles) x 2 (repetition) was used for this study. The findings revealed that the use of washing bag, laundry ball, and lint trap did not reduce microfiber shedding of synthetic clothing. In fact, the use of laundry ball accelerated microfiber shedding. It also presented the effects of different washing cycles on microfiber shedding of synthetic clothing. The study findings urge the needs of educating consumers to choose right washing options to minimize microfiber shedding. The findings also have implications to develop effective washing options which can facilitate laundering process and minimize the negative environmental impact by controlling microfiber pollution at home laundering. | |||||||
| Priyadarshni Patel | NDHM-Nutrition | Dr. Geetha Thangiah | Disparities in Methylation of NRF1 and FTO Gene in Childhood Obesity | Childhood obesity remains an epidemic for the United States and the world affecting the health of millions of children. Certain racial and ethnic minority groups have been disproportionately affected by the obesity pandemic in the United States. Obesity-related risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cardiovascular disease have also been found to be greater in African American population. Identifying factors influencing different populations is critical to successfully reducing obesity-related health disparities. Over the past decade, a remarkable breakthrough in epigenetic biology has been seen. The expressions of various obesity-related genes have been affected due to epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation. Here we used real-time quantitative PCR-based multiplex MethyLight technology to assess the DNA methylation percentage of the genes NRF1 and FTO from the saliva of children aged 6-10 years. ALU was used as a reference gene and the Percent methylation rate (PMR) was calculated for each sample. The PMR percentage of both the genes was significantly increased in overweight/obese European American children, whereas in African American both normal weight and overweight/obese children had increased PMR percentage. The PMR of NRF1 and FTO was significantly associated with BMI z-score in European American children, but not in African American after adjusting for maternal education and annual family income by regression analysis. These observations suggest a race-specific association of NRF1 and FTO gene methylation with childhood obesity. | |||||||
| Sara Gonzalez | NDHM-Nutrition | Dr. Alicia Powers | Understanding Food Insecurity Resources and Culture at Alabama Colleges and Universities | Food insecurity (FI) is estimated to affect over 30% of college students and is associated with reduced graduation rates, mental health, and socialization. While food pantries are among the most common responses to student FI, a comprehensive, systematic approach is needed effectively address this issue. This study was conducted to assess the resources and culture associated with food insecurity at four-year universities in Alabama. Researchers developed the Campus Food Aid Self-assessment Tool (C-FAST) to gauge college campus performance in six dimensions associated with FI: student services and supports; involvement; advocacy; campus culture and awareness of FI; education and training; and research, scholarship, and creative works. Researchers used purposive sampling to identify and recruit twelve universities in Alabama to complete C-FAST. Results were aggregated and analyzed across C-FAST dimensions to understand current efforts. Aggregated C-FAST results will be presented, including data on performance within and between C-FAST dimensions. Information will be shared on how results have been disseminated and utilized for action planning by Alabama universities. This study provides the first statewide data on Alabama university responses to student FI. Next steps include validation and implementation of C-FAST among two-year institutions and sharing C-FAST with institutions outside of Alabama. | |||||||
| Souji Gopalakrishna Pillai | NDHM-Hospitality | Dr. Alecia Douglas | A Never-ending Battle of Mitigating Fraud and Theft in the Hospitality Industry: Motives and Proactive Solution | The theft and fraud committed by employees at the workplace have been continuing problems in the organization and social context. Employee theft has become a critical and challenging issue for all firms, particularly the hospitality industry where staff has access to cash, amenities, and other inventories. Recent reports stated that during the COVID-19 due to the shift in hotel business operation and consumer behavior, and reduced workforce, employees overcame regulations and conducted fraud and theft in several ways. Hotels are victims of different hacking and technological theft, which can negatively influence their brand reputation and customer loyalty. Understanding such employee behaviors and establishing procedures for mitigation is critical in such a setting. Against this backdrop, this study aims to identify the personal and organizational factors influencing asset misappropriation, corruption, and financial statement fraud in the hospitality industry. Additionally, the role of internal control systems in mitigating workplace theft will be examined. The study will adopt a qualitative approach by interviewing managers and supervisors. The findings of this study are of potential value to leaders of the hospitality industry by gaining insights into the effective strategies used to detect and mitigate the effects of asset misappropriation, corruption, and financial statement fraud. | |||||||
| Tong Yin | NDHM-Hospitality | Dr. Baker Ayoun | The Workplace Spirituality and Turnover Intention: A New Perspective in the Hospitality Industry | One of the most challenging problems facing the service industry, especially the hospitality sector, is a very high turnover rate. As of 2019, the overall voluntary turnover rate in the USA was 43.1%, with the leisure and hospitality sector having the highest turnover rate at 79%, followed by the food and accommodation services sector at 78.9% (BLS, 2019). The high turnover rates have a severe impact on these industries. Therefore, the study explores how a workplace spirituality program consisting of pay, job security, and inclusion and diversity affects employee turnover intention in the hospitality industry via the mediators of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, as employees tend to stay longer in the organization if they are satisfied with the job and committed to the organization. | |||||||
| Xiaowen Ding | NDHM-Nutrition | Dr. Ramesh Jeganathan | Neuroprotective Effect of Nerve Growth Factor on Alleviating Apoptosis and Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease in Obese and Type 2 Diabetic Mouse Brain | Background: Both obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) are associated with hyperglycemia, apoptosis, and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor involved in several cellular metabolisms. The effects of NGF on hyperglycemia-induced cell death and AD require investigation. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were fed on either chow diet or high-fat high-sugar diet (HFHS) and were given either NGF intranasal administration (NGFI) or PBS treatment. HFHS-treated mice were further injected with Streptozotocin (STZ). Mouse brains were collected and protein levels were analyzed by Western blot (WB). TUNEL assay was applied for analysis of apoptosis. Results: mice in HFHS and HFHS+STZ treatment (HFHS/STZ) groups developed obesity and T2DM, respectively. HFHS/STZ induced alterations of protein expression that are involved in the apoptosis and the progression of AD. NGFI ameliorated these protein changes, via decreasing cytochrome c levels, active caspase-3 levels, and Bax to Bcl2 ratio. NGFI further restored ADAM10 levels, reduced CDK5 protein expression, and mitigated amyloid-beta accumulation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Conclusion: HFHS/STZ induced a condition that is associated with hyperglycemia, apoptosis, and neuronal disorder. NGF has beneficial effects on alleviating apoptosis and restoring the level of enzymes that are dysregulated in the progression of AD. | |||||||
|
12 min Team Talks
| |||||||||||
| Emmanuella Owens Co-Presenters Sorcha O’Neill |
NDHM-Hospitality | Dr. Mark Traynor | Covid-19, How have U.S. Restaurants Adapted to the Crisis? | COVID-19, declared a global pandemic in March 2020 has had a massive impact on economic activity due to the transmissibility, severity and mortality rate, and suitable policy responses. This pandemic has resulted in a sudden, sharp shortfall in revenue for firms in the hospitality industry. The restaurant industry is particularly vulnerable and has been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Shutdown ('lockdown') policies and lower demand during the Covid-19 pandemic have put restaurants at risk of permanent closure. In the United States (U.S.), 3% of restaurants have permanently closed due to COVID-19 since March 2020, with the industry having lost approximately $120 billion in sales during the first three months of the pandemic alone. Moreover, approximately 8 million employees have been laid off or furloughed. Several studies have investigated the impact of crises, such as economic, financial, health and food crises, terrorism, and natural disasters, on the hospitality sector. However, most existing research on hospitality industry crises focuses predominantly on the tourism sector and not on the restaurant industry. Moreover, only a few studies focus explicitly on crises in the restaurant industry. The expected findings will highlight the operational, service-related, and financial changes that restaurants implemented as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings are expected to uncover contingency plans on operational strategies for restaurants to adapt to current and future crises successfully. The research will add to the limited existing literature on the impact of COVID-19 on the restaurant industry. | |||||||
| Megan Elliott Co-Presenters Adam Book |
NDHM-Hospitality | Dr. Baker Ayoun | Confronting Human Exploitation through Ethical Tourism: A Case Study on Community Development in Rural Nepal | Gyangphedi (GP), a recent hotspot for human exploitation in Nepal, is now a transformed village, economically bolstered by legal, community-operated tourism. This case study examines steps taken by Nepali tourism entrepreneurs to identify economically-supportive, sustainable models that may be adopted in other exploitation-prone areas throughout the world. Due to financial strain, desperate Nepali locals can be drawn into nefarious schemes that offer promise of escape, posturing under the guise of legitimate employment in areas of tourism and childcare. Tourism startup, Five14, partnered with local village leaders to develop a lawful, sustainable, and community-owned model to confront exploitation in GP. These local, collaborative efforts helped establish GP as a premier, tourism destination in Nepal. Services that span accommodation, catering, and trek-guidance generate revenues to support a now-flourishing village. As a result, human exploitation has been effectively eradicated from the GP area through the use of a strategic, non-exploitative social business model. | |||||||
| Shenee Douglas Co-Presenters Selim Bakir |
NDHM-Hospitality | Dr. Baker Ayoun | Hotel Management Trainee Programs: Are They Effective? | Management trainee programs (MTPs) are leadership and management development plans used by hotels as a succession management initiative. The effectiveness of these programs is paramount as the benefits of MTPs can greatly impact the success of a hotel. Therefore, evaluating the effectiveness of MTPs is an integral part of human resource practices. An ineffective program may lead to hotel objectives not being met and more importantly may have negative financial consequences for the hotel. This case study looks at how the effectiveness of MTPs can be evaluated. Four current MTPs offered in the hotel industry were assessed to identify common factors that make up these programs. The programs assessed are targeted to potential hotel employees who recently graduated with an undergraduate degree in hospitality or tourism related programs. Finally, the possible consequences of an ineffective MTP are explored through the examination of a dilemma at The Pegassoo Hotel in Rhodes, Greece. | |||||||
|
Posters
| |||||||||||
| Adam Book | CADS | Dr. Veena Chattaraman | The Effects of Social Distance and Message Claims on Healthy Food Selection | This study examines the interaction effects of psychological social distance (thinking of self versus thinking of children) in a consumption context with food packaging claims (health focused versus nutrient focused) on healthy food choices. Rooted in construal level theory, proximal thinking (self) is expected to exhibit greater response to nutrient claims (low-level value) on food packaging; conversely, distal thinking (children) is expected to exhibit greater response to health claims (high-level value) on packaging. In a between-subjects experimental design, a total of 171 U.S. adults with low-to-mid socio-economic status, having children living at home, participated in an online experiment employing a 2 (Social Distance: Children vs. Self) x 3 (Message Claim: Health claim vs. Nutrient claim vs. No Claim) full-factorial design. Participants were presented with controlled images of packaging that bore the different claims across breakfast cereal, pasta, milk, and yogurt categories for known and unknown brands. Preliminary findings substantiate the hypothesized expectations that packaging claim response is influenced by psychological social distance. These findings offer insights to the type of packaging claims that may effectively influence consumer behavior thereby laying a foundation for public policy intended to promote healthy food purchasing behavior among consumers by means of food packaging claims. | |||||||
| Allison Tidwell | HDFS | Dr. Mallory Lucier-Greer | In it for the Long Haul: Preliminary Analyses of Work- and Family-related Factors as Predictors of Service Members’ Intentions to Remain in the Military | The Department of Defense prioritizes the retention of military personnel to maintain a ready defense force. Examining factors related to retention is positioned to inform policy and resource development to encourage Service members to remain in service. Guided by the personal choice model for military retention, this study investigated the influence of work-related factors (i.e., unit cohesion, met expectations, morale) and family-related factors (i.e., work-family balance, romantic relationship quality) on Service members’ intention to remain in the military (i.e., intentions to remain in the military beyond one’s current obligation, intentions to leave prior to one’s obligation if given the choice to do so). Data from 5,429 Soldiers who participated the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS) were analyzed using path analysis. Greater morale and poorer relationship quality were associated with greater intentions to remain in the military beyond one’s service obligation. Poorer work-family balance and poorer morale were associated with greater intentions to leave the military prior to one’s service obligation if given the choice to do so. Findings reinforce a need for military policies to target relational resources to struggling couples and to increase morale improved cohesion among unit members to retain Service members. | |||||||
| Ava Stovall | CADS | Dr. Melanie Duffey | The Effect of Art Displayed on Hotel Room Technology on Consumers' Attitude | As the hospitality industry strives for better consumer satisfaction, there has been an increase in mobile device apps that aim to enhance the guest experience in hotel guest rooms. A few enhancements in technology seen today include a television controlled by an in-room tablet and mobile devices taking the place of a room key. Some hotels allow for guest customization to increase consumer satisfaction, by allowing guests to control lighting through the in-room tablet. Literature supports that art in an environment, such as a hotel, will increase the consumer’s life satisfaction and create a positive mental response. There is little current research on hotel environments catering to the customer’s personalized art preference through technology. This study's framework follows the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) Model to examine the consumer’s response toward personalized art within a guest room. This study will suggest that a participant viewing a rendering of a classic premium hotel room will experience higher levels of satisfaction after interacting with personalized art (vs. controlled imagery) displayed on a tv screen. Using a mixed methods online survey, this study will measure participants’ positive and negative feelings toward a hotel room rendering with or without personalized art. This study aims to better understand the consumer’s use of technology in the form of digital art display and how it can influence consumer satisfaction. These findings will better inform the hospitality industry in their return on investment (ROI) when it comes to technology and digital art display as it relates to consumer and guest satisfaction. | |||||||
| Emily Brigham | HDFS | Dr. Wendy Troop-Gordon | A Longitudinal Assessment of the Contribution of Peer Victimization and Peer Beliefs to a Dependent Teacher-Student Relationship | The teacher-student relationship greatly impacts children’s success in the classroom. However, research specific to dependency in teacher-student relationships is limited. Importantly, researchers have yet to identify factors that contribute to the development of dependency in teacher-student relationships. Peer victimization may be one such factor. Peer-victimized youth often lack peer support, aid, and companionship and, therefore, may turn to the teacher to fill these needs. Moreover, peer victimization may alter students’ perceptions of peers leading to continued dependency on teachers in subsequent school years. The current longitudinal study tested these propositions using path analysis. Data were collected from 365 children in the fall and spring of their third/fourth grade year and the fall of their fourth/fifth grade year. Measures included relationship quality, victimization, and peer beliefs. For boys, peer victimization predicted heightened antisocial peer beliefs, and higher levels of antisocial peer beliefs predicted heightened dependency for boys and girls. For boys only, prosocial peer beliefs predicted lower levels of dependency and mediated the association between peer victimization at the beginning of the study and dependency in the teacher-student relationship the following fall. These findings provide a unique contribution to the literature on teacher-student relationships, suggesting that experiences of peer victimization contribute to dependency in the teacher-student relationship by altering peer belief schemas. Further research is needed into the transactional and cumulative impact of maladjustment within peer and teacher relationships. | |||||||
| Erin Cooper | HDFS | Dr. Francesca Adler-Baeder | In it for the Long Haul: Preliminary Analyses of Work- and Family-related Factors as Predictors of Service Members’ Intentions to Remain in the Military | Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with lower couple relationship functioning. Limited research has explored the impact ACEs have on relationship education participants, and no known study has explored the role of ACEs in the context of resilience factors for CRE participants. Using a sample of CRE participants who are diverse in race and income, this study found that those who reported one to 4 or more ACEs report similar improvements in relationship quality up to six-months after participating in a CRE program as those who reported zero ACEs. Further, immediate improvements in romantic-self efficacy, a characteristic that is modifiable through CRE, predicted later improvements in relationship quality, regardless of ACEs level. Implications for researchers and practitioners will be discussed. | |||||||
| Kristen Smith | NDHM-Nutrition | Dr. Drew Frugé | Mood Disturbance and the Gut Microbiome: A Systematic Review | The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current literature to establish the connection between mood disturbance (including anxiety and depression) and the gut microbiome. PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search and identify peer-reviewed research through February 7, 2022. Key words included: anxiety, depression, mood disturbance, psychological conditions, mental health, gut microbiome. Articles were included if the study was conducted in human subjects and investigated relationships between mood disturbance (i.e., anxiety, depression, or general mood disturbances) and composition and/or diversity of the gut microbiome. Search engines yielded 1518 unique results, of which 1167 articles were conducted in vitro or in animal models, and 47 articles met inclusion criteria. Twenty-three of these studies demonstrated associations between mood disturbance and the microbiome, with certain taxa associating with various anxiety and depression outcomes. There were 19 studies with supplement interventions (probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics), and 4 studies with fecal microbiome transplant (FMT) interventions to improve mood outcomes. Four of the supplement intervention studies showed no improvement in anxiety and/or depression symptoms, while the remaining 15 reported significant improvements. Alternatively, all 4 FMT interventions were successful in reducing anxiety and depression in patients suffering from gastrointestinal diseases. Current evidence suggests there is an important link between mood disturbance and the gut microbial environment. Results discussed herein also support the therapeutic use of microbiome-altering interventions (pre-, pro-, or synbiotics or FMTs) to improve anxiety and/or depression in individuals with mood disorders. | |||||||
| Kristi Reid Partin | CADS | Dr. Veena Chattaraman | Social Comparisons and Compensatory Consumption: The Art of Buying a Superior Self | Social media has transformed many aspects of our lives, including how we shop, receive news, and the way in which we are confronted with social comparisons. These comparisons, more specifically the upward, frequently trigger a discrepancy in the domain of comparison (e.g., appearance). Based on propositions of the compensatory consumption (CC) behavior model and the social comparison theory, this study examines how consumers’ body satisfaction, their beliefs about the malleability of their appearance (implicit theory of appearance), and comparisons with upward vs. lateral influencers interact to affect the type of consumption that they engage in. A 2 (social comparison: upward vs. lateral) x 2 (body satisfaction: low vs. high) x 2 (implicit theory: entity vs. incremental) x 2 (product type: head- and body-related) mixed-factorial online experimental study was conducted using a sample of 200 women between the ages of 19 and 35. The appearance of the influencers was manipulated (upward with thinner, primped models and lateral with normal weight, natural models), as were the products being advertised, whereas body satisfaction and consumers’ implicit theory of appearance were measured. Results indicated that consumers were more persuaded to purchase products from lateral as compared to upward influencers. Further, lateral influencers were more persuasive for head-related (vs. body-related) products, whereas upward influencers were more successful in promoting body-related (vs. head-related) products. A significant interaction between body satisfaction, implicit theory of appearance, and product type also emerged supporting the proposals of the CC model on how consumption behaviors are affected by felt discrepancies. Our findings indicate that companies can access more effective results from social media marketing by knowing their target market and collaborating with influencers that are similar in appearance to the consumers they are marketing to. | |||||||
| Menglin Wei | HDFS | Dr. Josh Novak | Validation of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 in a Sample of Gay Men Dyads | Considerable evidence suggests that intuitive eating is associated with weight maintenance, improved dietary intake, eating behaviors, psychological well-being, and physical health indicators, and it has a reverse relationship with eating disorder behaviors and other negative health outcomes. However, Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2), the primary measurement tool for intuitive eating behaviors, has not yet been validated in a sexual minority sample despite their unique experiences with body image, eating behaviors, and stress. This study investigated the factor structure of the 23-item IES-2 scale with 228 married gay men dyads. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the original scale structure did not fit the current sample. Although four factors were generated, as in the original scale, the items loaded on the four factors were different from the original scale, and 3 items did not load on any factors. This result may indicate that gay men who are in a married relationship may perceive and interpret the various aspects of intuitive eating differently than heterosexual individuals. Bivariate correlations between partners’ reports based on the current scale structure ranged from .269-.546 indicating that, though one’s perception of intuitive eating behaviors may be associated with their partner’s perceptions, people identify and interpret those behaviors independently. Results have implications for validation of the IES-2 scale, helping professionals, and future research in couple relationships and health behaviors. | |||||||
| Mohammad Shahidul Kader | CADS | Dr. Pamela Ulrich and Dr. Seeun Kim | Effective Storytelling in a Fashion-based Crowdfunding Campaign: The Impact of Narrative Temporality, Narrative Appeal, and Mental Simulation on Crowd-funder Engagement | The entrepreneurial world has witnessed a revolutionary shift from conventional seed funding solutions, such as angel investors, venture capitalists, and governmental funds, to crowdfunding. Although crowdfunding platforms are influential in introducing investors/consumers to fashion entrepreneurs’ stories, most narratives fail to tell a story effectively that brings their ideas to life. To contribute to the research deficiencies in reward-based fashion crowdfunding (RBFC), this study seeks to find 1) the effects of narrative temporality and narrative appeal on the crowd-funders’ backing intention, eWOM, and co-creation through the mediation of narrative transportation, and 2) how mental simulation moderates the effects of a) narrative temporality and b) narrative appeal on the crowd-funders’ backing intention, eWOM, and co-creation. To test the hypotheses, this study will utilize an experimental method and collect data from U.S. adults enrolled in an online panel survey. Potential application of this research includes the assessment of consumer perception and mapping for an appropriate RBFC storytelling strategy along with an integrative research model. | |||||||
| Olivia Altonji | NDHM-Nutrition | Dr. Kevin Huggins | The Effect of Omega 3 Fish Oil Supplementation on Cognition in a Mouse Model of Western Diet Induced Obesity | The Western diet (WD) is generally characterized by caloric excess, but it includes suboptimal intake of some nutrients including omega 3 fatty acids (n-3). While it has been shown that the WD causes cognitive impairment and that n-3s are critical for cognitive function, previous studies have had conflicting conclusions about whether n-3 supplementation can alleviate WD induced cognitive impairment. We fed mice a WD for 16 weeks with fish oil supplementation for the last 8 weeks. Cognition was assessed with novel object recognition and Y-maze tests, and the hippocampus (the brain region critical for learning and memory) was collected for analysis. The n-3 index was improved in the supplemented animals above the level of the chow diet control. However, no difference was seen in behavior between any of the groups. Oxylipin analysis, a measure of n-3 anti-inflammatory activity and n-6 pro-inflammatory activity in the brain was not able to measure n-3 metabolites, and the supplement did not alleviate the WD induced changes in n-6 metabolites. Our results indicate that while a triglyceride form fish oil supplement was able to improve peripheral measures of n-3 status in a WD model, it did not confer an observable benefit on the brain. | |||||||
| Sheila Sjolseth | HDFS | Dr. Cynthia Frosch | I S.E.E. You: A Descriptive Analysis of Shared Emotional Experiences During Mother-Infant Interactions | In early childhood, nurturing relationships with caregivers may protect children from adversity and promote resilience. During mother-infant interaction, shared emotional experiences (SEEs), defined as reciprocal and synchronous emotional sharing, are one indicator of early relational health. Little research, however, has examined mother-infant SEEs across toy and non-toy play. What remains unclear is how mothers’ efforts to engage their infants with, and without toys, relate to the frequency and duration of SEEs. Utilizing a sample of 62 mother-infant dyads from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, a rating system for SEEs was developed to address the following two questions: (1) How do mothers choose to engage with their infants during free play (e.g., with or without toys)? (2) How do these engagement choices relate to frequency and duration of SEEs? Preliminary analysis shows that overall, frequency of SEEs was significantly higher during non-toy play, compared to toy play. During non-toy play, frequency of SEEs predicted duration of SEEs indicating that mother-infant pairs with a higher frequency of SEEs also experienced higher duration of SEEs. Results begin to demonstrate how engagement choices relate to SEEs and suggest that higher levels of SEEs are experienced during play without toys. | |||||||
| Tianjian Liu | NDHM-Hospitality | Dr. Yee Ming Lee | The Outcomes of Work-Family Conflict on Employees in Hospitality and Tourism Industry: A Meta-Analysis Study | Work-family conflict (WFC), which refers to an inter-role conflict that occurs between individuals' work and family domain, is one of the main research topics in hospitality studies because of long and irregular working hours, relatively low salary, and a heavy workload were main workplace features of the hospitality industry. The previous studies identified WFC's various outcomes (i.e., reducing job satisfaction and organizational commitment and increasing burnout and turnover intention). At the same time, some studies investigated the influence of Eastern and Western culture in the hospitality industry. However, there is a lack of studies that merge the findings that employ statistical methods and compare the influence of culture on outcomes. Therefore, this study will utilize the meta-analytical method to merge the outcomes of WFC and compare the influence of culture on those outcomes. As a result, this study will provide a systematic view of the WFC for researchers, and it could help hospitality operators to understand the specific influence of WFC to distribute resources reducing the WFC. | |||||||
| Zeynep Su Altinoz | HDFS | Dr. Stephen Erath | Determinants of Parental Advice about Peer Victimization | The current study examined adolescents’ peer victimization experiences and behavioral strengths and difficulties as possible determinants of parental advice to respond to peer victimization with behavioral problem solving (e.g., conflict resolution), cognitive reframing (e.g., benign interpretations), and avoidance (e.g., ignore). Participants included 172 early adolescents (M = 12.12 years) and one parent per adolescent. Parents rated the likelihood of several types of advice about peer victimization and reported on adolescents’ peer victimization, prosocial skills, and problem behaviors. Findings showed that higher peer victimization and prosocial skills were associated with more avoidance advice and more overall advice. Higher prosocial skills were also associated with more cognitive framing advice. Neither externalizing nor internalizing was related to parental advice. When parents perceive frequent victimization, they may desperately attempt to help with elevated overall advice, particularly avoidance. Parents may also offer ample advice when they feel confident that prosocial adolescents can successfully process and implement a range of advice, including benign cognitive framing. Externalizing and internalizing problems may not underlie caution about advice. Understanding determinants of parental advice is crucial because different factors could motivate helpful and unhelpful advice. | |||||||